| Portfolio management | Mandate design, implementation, monitoring, reporting and review. | Custody, tax reporting and certain specialist asset classes where required. |
| Family office oversight | Consolidated reporting rhythm, adviser coordination and decision tracking. | Trustees, lawyers, accountants and other regulated professionals remain responsible for their advice. |
| Tax-aware structuring | Identifying planning questions and aligning investment decisions with known tax considerations. | Formal tax advice, filings and opinions are handled by qualified tax advisers. |
| Succession | Governance discussions, liquidity planning and preparation for intergenerational decisions. | Wills, trusts, shareholder agreements and legal drafting sit with legal advisers. |
| Philanthropy | Clarifying objectives, governance, investment policy and practical coordination. | Charity law, tax reliefs and foundation administration may require specialist support. |